Crystals of, and from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canadais an active science in which are discovered or recognised on a regular basis. Use of old mineral names is also discontinued, for example when a name is no longer considered valid. Therefore, a list of recognised mineral species is never complete.Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various species. Within a mineral species there may be variation in physical properties or minor amounts of impurities that are recognized by mineralogists or wider society as a mineral variety.The (IMA) is the international scientific group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names. However, minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure. Some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date.

This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called 'grandfathered' species). Presently, each year about 90–110 new mineral species (the sum of all mutations c. 120 per year) are officially approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association.As of April 2011, the IMA/CNMNC administrates c. Also as of April 2011, the Webmineral.com website lists 2,722 published and approved (IMA/CNMNC) minerals, 81 discredited minerals (IMA/CNMNC status; Michael Fleischer discredited around one thousand species in his lifetime), 2,691 synonyms and 123 'not approved' names.As of March 2020, the IMA - CNMNC Master List of Minerals lists 5,562 valid minerals, including 1,159 pre-IMA minerals (grandfathered), and 96 questionable minerals. Also as of March 2020, the Handbook of Mineralogy lists 4,529 species, and the IMA Database of Mineral Properties/Rruff Project lists 5,534 valid species (IMA/CNMNC) of a total of 5,758 minerals. The IMA/Rruff database includes 1,289 pre-IMA minerals.Due to the length of this list, it is divided into alphabetical groups. The minerals are sorted by name.

This optimizes animal mineral requirements and reduces negative environmental impacts. We call this innovation Alltech’s Total Replacement Technology™ (TRT). The Alltech Mineral Management program guarantees organic minerals that are better absorbed, stored and utilized by the animal.

English Wikipedia:. Abbreviations:.

'.' – discredited (IMA/CNMNC status). 's.p.' – special procedure. Q or '?' – questionable/doubtful (IMA/CNMNC, mindat.org or mineralienatlas.de status). N – published without approval of the IMA/CNMNC, or just not an IMA approved mineral but with some acceptance in the scientific community nowadays.

The 'IMA database of mineral properties' (rruff.info/ima) has 173 species with 'not an IMA approved mineral' tag, some are an intermediate member of a series, others are 'recently' discredited minerals. I – intermediate member of a solid-solution series. H – hypothetical mineral (synthetic, anthropogenic, etc.). ch – incomplete description, hypothetical solid solution end member. Published without approval and formally discredited or not approved, yet. Mainly:, and supergroups,. IMA/CNMNC revisions generate hypothetical solid solution.

group – a name used to designate a group of species, sometimes only a mineral group name.Further reading. Clark, A.

Hey's Mineral Index (3 ed.). London: Chapman & Hall. P. 852.

Gaines, R.V.; Skinner, H.C.; Foord, E.E.; Mason, B.; Rosenzweig, A. Dana's New Mineralogy: The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury (8 ed.). New York: Wiley & Sons. P. 1819. de Fourestier, Jeffrey (1999). Glossary of Mineral Synonyms.

Canadian Mineralogist Special Publication 2 (2 ed.). Ottawa: Mineralogical Association of Canada. P. 445.; Nickel, Ernest H. Strunz Mineralogical Tables (9 ed.). Stuttgart: Schweizerbart.

P. 869. Ferraiolo, J.A. A Systematic Classification of Minerals. Bowie, US-MD. P. 441.

Back, Malcolm E. Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species (11 ed.). Tucson AZ: Mineralogical Record Inc.

P. 434.;; Zussman, Jack (2013). An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals (3 ed.). London: Mineralogical Society.

Note: known as.Notes. Monomeric minerals (similar to nesosilicates). (VI) (IDs 7.A–E).

Thiosulphates (IDs 7.J). (VI) (IDs 7.F). (VI) (IDs 7.G–H).

(V) (IDs 8). (V) (IDs 8). (IDs 9.A). (IDs 9.J).

Silicate frameworks, tectosilicates. Zeolite frameworks, (IDs 9.G). Other feldspathoids: (IDs 9.FA.05). groups (IDs 9.FB.). Other tectosilicates (IDs 9.FA. And 9.FB.15, e.g.

). Other silicate frameworks.

(IDs 9.C). (IDs 9.E, e.g. ). (IDs 4.DA.). Inosilicates.

Single chain (IDs 9.D, e.g. ). Ribbon or multiple chain inosilicates (IDs 9.D, e.g. ).

Other non monomeric minerals. Unclassified silicates (IDs 9.H). (IDs 9.B, e.g.

And supergroups). Polymeric, isolated silicates (IDs 9.A, e.g. And supergroups). Other inorganic polymers (e.g.; ', IDs 8.F).

Disabled World (disabled-world.com)

Revised/Updated: Monday, 6th April 2020

Synopsis:

Information on A, C, D, E, K, folate, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, B-6, B-12 vitamins that are essential to the human body.

Key Points:

• In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed via the intestinal tract with the help of lipids.
• The term vitamin does not include other essential nutrients such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids..

Main Document

What Exactly Are Vitamins?

A vitamin is defined as an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when the organism cannot synthesize the compound in sufficient quantities, and must be obtained through the diet; thus, the term 'vitamin' is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a vitamin for humans, but not for most other animal organisms. Supplementation is important for the treatment of certain health problems, but there is little evidence of nutritional benefit when used by otherwise healthy people.

All natural vitamins are organic food substances found only in living things, that is, plants and animals. With few exceptions, the body cannot manufacture or synthesize vitamins. They must be supplied by the diet or in dietary supplements. Vitamins are essential to the normal functioning of our bodies. They are necessary for growth, vitality, health, general well being, and for the prevention and cure of many health problems and diseases.

Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure:

Thus, each 'vitamin' may refer to several vitamer compounds that all show the biological activity associated with a particular vitamin. Such a set of chemicals are grouped under an alphabetized vitamin 'generic descriptor' title, such as 'vitamin A,' which includes the compounds retinal, retinol, and many carotenoids. Vitamers are often inter-converted in the body. The term vitamin does not include other essential nutrients such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids, nor does it encompass the large number of other nutrients that promote health but are otherwise required less often.

Picture of assorted sliced citrus fruits on a brown wooden chopping board.

There are 13 Vitamins Your Body Needs

• They are vitamins A, C, D, E, K and the B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12 and folate).
• You can usually get all your vitamins from the foods you eat.
• Your body can also make vitamins D and K.
• People who eat a vegetarian diet may need to take a vitamin B12 supplement.

Vitamins are Classified as Water-soluble or Fat Soluble

In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C).

• Water-soluble:

  Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water, and in general, are readily excreted from the body, to the degree that urinary output is a strong predictor of vitamin consumption. Because they are not readily stored, consistent daily intake is important. Many types of water-soluble vitamins are synthesized by bacteria.

• Fat-soluble:

  Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids (fats). Because they are more likely to accumulate in the body, they are more likely to lead to hypervitaminosis than are water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamin regulation is of particular significance in cystic fibrosis.

Vitamin A

Important for vision, reproductive function, and normal cell reproduction. Beta-carotene, a precursor to Vitamin A, helps to fight disease-causing free radicals. Vitamin A is found in milk products, organ meats, and fish oils. Beta-carotene is found in colorful vegetables, such as carrots, broccoli, spinach, and sweet potatoes.

Vitamin A Sources:

• Egg yolk
• Dark-colored fruit
• Dark leafy vegetables
• Liver, beef, and fish
• Fortified milk and dairy products (cheese, yogurt, butter, and cream)

Vitamin B-1

Vitamin B-1 (Thiamin) processes carbohydrates into energy and is necessary for nerve cell function. Breads and cereals are often fortified with thiamin, though it is also found in whole grains, fish, lean meats, and dried beans.

Thiamine (vitamin B1) Sources:

• Egg
• Peas
• Dried milk
• Lean meats
• Organ meats
• Whole grains
• Nuts and seeds
• Legumes (dried beans)
• Enriched bread and flour

Vitamin B-2

Vitamin B-2 (Riboflavin) - Helps the production of red blood cells and is important for growth.

Vitamin B-3 (niacin) - Helps control cholesterol, processes alcohol, maintains healthy skin, and converts carbohydrates to energy.

Niacin (vitamin B3) Sources:

• Nuts
• Eggs
• Potato
• Poultry
• Avocado
• Legumes
• Lean meats
• Fish (tuna and salt-water fish)
• Enriched breads and fortified cereals

Vitamin B-5

Vitamin B-5 (pantothenic acid) serves several bodily functions, such as converting fats to energy and synthesizing cholesterol.

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) Sources:

• Milk
• Eggs
• Poultry
• Avocado
• Mushroom
• Organ meats
• Legumes and lentils
• Whole-grain cereals
• White and sweet potatoes
• Broccoli, kale, and other vegetables in the cabbage family

Vitamin B-6

Vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine) is important in the production of hormones such as serotonin, dopamine, and melatonin, as well as for processing amino acids.

Pyroxidine (vitamin B6) Sources:

• Nuts
• Meat
• Poultry
• Banana
• Avocado
• Legumes (dried beans)
• Whole grains (milling and processing removes a lot of this vitamin)

Vitamin B-12

A crucial component of DNA replication and nerve cell regulation. It is found in milk products, poultry, meat, and shellfish.

Vitamin B12 Sources:

• Meat
• Eggs
• Poultry
• Shellfish
• Milk and milk products
• Fortified foods such as soymilk
• Organ meats (liver and kidney)

Animal sources of vitamin B12 are absorbed much better by the body than plant sources

Vitamin C

Important in wound healing and acts as an antioxidant. It also helps the body absorb iron. It's found in citrus fruits, potatoes, and greens.

Vitamin C Sources:

• Broccoli
• Spinach
• Cabbage
• Potatoes
• Tomatoes
• Cauliflower
• Citrus fruits
• Strawberries
• Tomato juice
• Brussels sprouts

Vitamin D

Helps the body absorb calcium, which creates healthy bones and teeth. The body can synthesize Vitamin D after exposure to sunshine, but it can also be found in fortified milk products and cereals, as well as in fish.

Vitamin D Sources:

• Fortified cereals
• Fish liver oils (cod's liver oil)
• Fortified milk and dairy products (cheese, yogurt, butter, and cream)
• Fish (fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, herring, and orange roughy)

Vitamin E

Helps to combat free radicals, which can damage our cells. It's found in nuts and seeds, green leafy vegetables, corn, asparagus, and wheat germ.

Vitamin E Sources:

• Avocado
• Seeds and nuts
• Papaya and mango
• Wheat germ and wheat germ oil
• Oils (safflower, corn, and sunflower)
• Margarine (made from safflower, corn, and sunflower oil)
• Dark green vegetables (spinach, broccoli, asparagus, turnip greens)

Vitamin K

What makes the blot clot. While our bodies produce some Vitamin K, it can also be found in vegetables like cauliflower and cabbage.

Vitamin K Sources:

• Cabbage
• Cereals
• Cauliflower
• Fish, liver, beef, eggs
• Dark leafy vegetables (spinach, kale, collards, turnip greens)
• Dark green vegetables (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, asparagus)

Biotin Sources:

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• Milk
• Nuts
• Pork
• Yeast
• Cereal
• Egg yolk
• Legumes
• Chocolate
• Organ meats (liver, kidney)

Folate Sources:

• Beets
• Lentils
• Wheat germ
• Peanut butter
• Peanut butter
• Brewer's yeast
• Fortified cereals
• Asparagus and broccoli
• Oranges and orange juice
• Dried beans (cooked pinto, navy, kidney, and lima)
• Green, leafy vegetables (spinach and romaine lettuce)

Deficiencies of vitamins are classified as either primary or secondary.

• A primary deficiency occurs when an organism does not get enough of the vitamin in its food.
• A secondary deficiency may be due to an underlying disorder that prevents or limits the absorption or use of the vitamin, due to a 'lifestyle factor', such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, or the use of medications that interfere with the absorption or use of the vitamin.

People who eat a varied diet are unlikely to develop a severe primary vitamin deficiency.

In contrast, restrictive diets have the potential to cause prolonged vitamin deficits, which may result in often painful and potentially deadly diseases.

Dietary supplements, often containing vitamins, are used to ensure that adequate amounts of nutrients are obtained on a daily basis, if optimal amounts of the nutrients cannot be obtained through a varied diet. Scientific evidence supporting the benefits of some dietary supplements is well established for certain health conditions, but others need further study.

Interesting Facts on Vitamins

• Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. There are 13 vitamins your body needs.
• Vitamins are essential for the normal growth and development of a multicellular organism.
• The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods.
• Dietary supplements often contain vitamins, but may also include other ingredients, such as minerals, herbs, and botanicals.
• In those who are otherwise healthy, there is no evidence that supplements have any benefits with respect to cancer or heart disease.
• In 1747, the Scottish surgeon James Lind discovered that citrus foods helped prevent scurvy.
• The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins reflect how much of each vitamin most people should get each day.
• Humans must consume vitamins periodically but with differing schedules, to avoid deficiency.
• Each vitamin has specific jobs. If you have low levels of certain vitamins, you may get health problems.
• In large doses, some vitamins have documented side-effects that tend to be more severe with a larger dosage.
• Anti-vitamins are chemical compounds that inhibit the absorption or actions of vitamins.
• The best way to get all the daily vitamins you need is to eat a balanced diet that contains a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, fortified dairy foods, legumes (dried beans), lentils, and whole grains.
• Most countries place dietary supplements in a special category under the general umbrella of foods, not drugs.
• The European Union and other countries of Europe have regulations that define limits of vitamin (and mineral) dosages for their safe use as food supplements.
• The ancient Egyptians knew that feeding liver to a person would help cure night blindness, an illness now known to be caused by a vitamin A deficiency.
• The reason that the set of vitamins skips directly from E to K is that the vitamins corresponding to letters F-J were either reclassified over time, discarded as false leads, or renamed because of their relationship to vitamin B, which became a complex of vitamins.

The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods. In some cases, you may need to take a daily multivitamin for optimal health. However, high doses of some vitamins can make you sick.

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Subtopics and Associated Subjects

Related Information

• 1 - Study Finds Most Popular Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Provide No Health Benefit : St. Michael's Hospital (2018/05/29)
• 2 - Widespread Vitamin D Deficiency Likely Due to Sunscreen Use and Increase of Chronic Diseases : American Osteopathic Association (2017/05/02)
• 3 - Link Between Vitamin D and Alzheimer's Disease : Thomas C. Weiss (2014/08/15)
• 4 - Daily Multivitamin Can Reduce Cancer Risk : David Stauth (2012/10/19)
• 5 - Seniors May Need More Vitamin D to Prevent Mobility Difficulties : Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center (2012/06/13)
• 6 - Cancer Patients and Vitamin D Deficiency : American Society for Radiation Oncology (2011/10/04)
• 7 - Vitamins and Minerals May Prevent Age Related Diseases : Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (2011/06/01)

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